Subcategories

• Chapter 1: Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life
  • Concept 1.1: Themes help connect the concepts of biology
  • Concept 1.2: The Core Theme: Evolution accounts for the unity and diversity of life
  • Concept 1.3: Scientists use two main forms of inquiry in their study of nature
• The Chemistry of Life
  • Chapter 2: Chemical Context of Life
    • Concept 2.2: An element's properties depend on the structure of its atoms
    • Concept 2.3: The formation and function of molecules depend on chemical bonding between atoms
  • Chapter 3: Water and the Fitness of the Environment
    • Concept 3.1: The polarity of water molecules results in hydrogen bonding
    • Concept 3.2: Four emergent properties of water contribute to Earth's fitness for life
    • Concept 3.3: Acidic and basic conditions affect living organisms
  • Chapter 4: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
    • Concept 4.1: Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds
    • Concept 4.2: Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by bonding to four other atoms
    • Concept 4.3: A small number of chemical groups are key to the functioning of biological molecules
  • Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules
    • Concept 5.1: Macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers
    • Concept 5.2: Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material
    • Concept 5.3: Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules
    • Concept 5.4: Proteins have many structures, resulting in a wide range of functions
    • Concept 5.5: Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary information
• The Cell
  • Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell
    • Concept 6.1: To study cells, biologists use microscopes and the tools of biochemistry
    • Concept 6.2: Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions
    • Concept 6.3: The eukaryotic cell's genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried out by the ribosomes
    • Concept 6.4: The endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell
    • Concept 6.5: Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from one form to another
    • Concept 6.6: The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in the cell
    • Concept 6.7: Extracellular components and connections between cells help coordinate cellular activities
  • Chapter 7: Membrane Structure and Function
    • Concept 7.1: Cellular membranes are fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins
    • Concept 7.2: Membrane structure results in selective permeability
    • Concept 7.3: Passive transport is diffusion of a substance across a membrane with no energy investment
    • Concept 7.4: Active transport uses energy to move solutes against their gradients
    • Concept 7.5: Bulk transport across the plasma membrane occurs by exocytosis and endocytosis
  • Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism
    • Concept 8.1: An organism's metabolism transforms matter and energy, subject to the laws of thermodynamics
    • Concept 8.2: The free-energy change of a reaction tells us whether or not the reaction occurs spontaneously
    • Concept 8.4: Enzymes speed up metabolic reactions by lowering energy barriers
    • Concept 8.5: Regulation of enzyme activity helps control metabolism
  • Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
    • Concept 9.1: Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels
    • Concept 9.2: Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate
    • Concept 9.3: The citric acid cycle completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules
    • Concept 9.4: During oxidative phosphorylation, chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP synthesis
    • Concept 9.5: Fermentation and anaerobic respiration enable cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen
  • Chapter 10: Photosynthesis
    • Concept 10.1: Photosynthesis converts light energy to the chemical energy of food
    • Concept 10.2: The light reactions convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH
    • Concept 10.3: The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 to sugar
    • Concept 10.4: Alternative mechanisms of carbon fixation have evolved in hot, arid climates
  • Chapter 11: Cell Communication
    • Concept 11.1: External signals are converted to responses within the cell
    • Concept 11.2: Reception: A signal molecule binds to a receptor protein, causing it to change shape
    • Concept 11.3: Transduction: Cascades of molecular interactions relay signals from receptors to target molecules in the cell
    • Concept 11.4: Response: Cell signaling leads to regulation of transcription or cytoplasmic activities
    • Concept 11.5: Apoptosis (programmed cell death) integrates multiple cell-signaling pathways
  • Chapter 12: The Cell Cycle
    • Concept 12.1: Cell division results in genetically identical daughter cells
    • Concept 12.2: The mitotic phase alternates with interphase in the cell cycle
    • Concept 12.3: The eukaryotic cell cycle is regulated by a molecular control system
• Genetics
  • Chapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles
    • Concept 13.1: Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes
    • Concept 13.2: Fertilization and meiosis alternate in sexual life cycles
    • Concept 13.3: Meiosis reduces the number of chromosome sets from diploid to haploid
    • Concept 13.4: Genetic variation produced in sexual life cycles contributes to evolution
  • Chapter 14: Mendel and the Gene Idea
    • Concept 14.1: Mendel used the scientific approach to identify two laws of inheritance
    • Concept 14.4: Many human traits follow Mendelian patterns of inheritance
  • Chapter 15: Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
    • Concept 15.1: Mendelian inheritance has its physical basis in the behavior of chromosomes
    • Concept 15.2: Sex-linked genes exhibit unique patterns of inheritance
    • Concept 15.3: Linked genes tend to be inherited together because they are located near each other on the same chromosome
    • Concept 15.4: Alterations of chromosome number or structure cause some genetic disorders
  • Chapter 16: Molecular Basis of Inheritance
    • Concept 16.1: DNA is the genetic material
    • Concept 16.2: Many proteins work together in DNA replication and repair
    • Concept 16.3: A chromosome consists of a DNA molecule packed together with proteins
  • Chapter 17: From Gene to Protein
    • Concept 17.1: Genes specify proteins via transcription and translation
    • Concept 17.2: Transcription is the DNA-directed synthesis of RNA: a closer look
    • Concept 17.3: Eukaryotic cells modify RNA after transcription
    • Concept 17.4: Translation is the RNA-directed synthesis of a polypeptide: a closer look
    • Concept 17.5: Point mutations can affect protein structure and function
  • Chapter 18: Regulation of Gene Expression
    • Concept 18.1: Bacteria often respond to environmental change by regulating transcription
    • Concept 18.2: Eukaryotic gene expression can be regulated at any stage
    • Concept 18.3: Noncoding RNAs play multiple roles in controlling gene expression
    • Concept 18.4: A program of differential gene expression leads to the different cell types in a multicellular organism
    • Concept 18.5: Cancer results from genetic changes that affect cell cycle control
  • Chapter 19: Viruses
    • Concept 19.2: Viruses reproduce only in host cells
    • Concept 19.3: Viruses, viroids, and prions are formidable pathogens in animals and plants
  • Chapter 20: DNA Technology
    • Concept 20.1: DNA cloning yields multiple copies of a gene or other DNA segment
    • Concept 20.2: DNA technology allows us to study the sequence, expression, and function of a gene
    • Concept 20.3: Cloning organisms may lead to production of stem cells for research and other applications
    • Concept 20.4: The practical applications of DNA technology affect our lives in many ways
  • Chapter 21: Genomes and Their Evolution
    • Concept 21.1: New approaches have accelerated the pace of genome sequencing
    • Concept 21.4: Multicellular eukaryotes have much noncoding DNA and many multigene families
    • Concept 21.5: Duplication, rearrangement, and mutation of DNA contribute to genome evolution
• Mechanisms of Evolution
  • Chapter 22: Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life
    • Concept 22.1: The Darwinian revolution challenged traditional views of a young Earth inhabited by unchanging species
    • Concept 22.2: Descent with modification by natural selection explains the adaptations of organisms and the unity and diversity of life
    • Concept 22.3: Evolution is supported by an overwhelming amount of scientific evidence
  • Chapter 23: Evolution of Populations
    • Concept 23.1: Mutation and sexual reproduction produce the genetic variation that makes evolution possible
    • Concept 23.2: The Hardy-Weinberg equation can be used to test whether a population is evolving
    • Concept 23.3: Natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow can alter allele frequencies in a population
    • Concept 23.4: Natural selection is the only mechanism that consistently causes adaptive evolution
  • Chapter 24: Origin of Species
    • Concept 24.2: Speciation can take place with or without geographic separation
    • Concept 24.4: Speciation can occur rapidly or slowly and can result from changes in few or many genes
  • Chapter 25: Early Earth & the Origin of Life
    • Concept 25.1: Conditions on early Earth made the origin of life possible
    • Concept 25.2: The fossil record documents the history of life
    • Concept 25.3: Key events in life's history include the origins of single-celled and multicelled organisms and the colonization of land
    • Concept 25.4: The rise and fall of dominant groups reflect continental drift, mass extinctions, and adaptive radiations
• The Evolutionary History of Biological Diversity
  • Chapter 26: Tracing Phylogeny
    • Concept 26.1: Phylogenies show evolutionary relationships
    • Concept 26.3: Shared characters are used to construct phylogenetic trees
    • Concept 26.4: An organism's evolutionary history is documented in its genome
    • Concept 26.5: Molecular clocks help track evolutionary time
    • Concept 26.6: New information continues to revise our understanding of the tree of life
  • Chapter 27: Bacteria and Archaea
    • Concept 27.1: Structural and functional adaptations contribute to prokaryotic success
    • Concept 27.2: Rapid reproduction, mutation, and genetic recombination promote genetic diversity in prokaryotes
    • Concept 27.3: Diverse nutritional and metabolic adaptations have evolved in prokaryotes
    • Concept 27.6: Prokaryotes have both harmful and beneficial impacts on humans
  • Chapter 28: Protists
    • Concept 28.3: Chromalveolates may have originated by secondary endosymbiosis
  • Chapter 29: Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land
    • Concept 29.1: Land plants evolved from green algae
    • Concept 29.2: Mosses and other nonvascular plants have life cycles dominated by gametophytes
    • Concept 29.3: Ferns and other seedless vascular plants were the first plants to grow tall
  • Chapter 30: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seeded Plants
    • Concept 30.2: Gymnosperms bear "naked" seeds, typically on cones
    • Concept 30.3: The reproductive adaptations of angiosperms include flowers and fruits
  • Chapter 31: Fungi
    • Concept 31.1: Fungi are heterotrophs that feed by absorption
    • Concept 31.4: Fungi have radiated into a diverse set of lineages
  • Chapter 32: An Introduction to Animal Diversity
    • Concept 32.3: Animals can be characterized by "body plans"
  • Chapter 33: Invertebrates
    • Concept 33.2: Cnidarians are an ancient phylum of eumetazoans
  • Chapter 34: Vertebrates
    • Concept 34.5: Tetrapods are gnathostomes that have limbs
• Plant Form and Function
  • Chapter 35: Plant Structure, Growth, and Development
    • Concept 35.1: The plant body has a hierarchy of organs, tissues, and cells
    • Concept 35.3: Primary growth lengthens roots and shoots
    • Concept 35.4: Secondary growth adds girth to stems and roots in woody plants
  • Chapter 36: Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants
    • Concept 36.2: Transport occurs by short-distance diffusion or active transport and by long-distance bulk flow
    • Concept 36.3: Water and minerals are transported from roots to shoots
    • Concept 36.4: Stomata help regulate the rate of transpiration
    • Concept 36.5: Sugars are transported from leaves and other sources to sites of use or storage
  • Chapter 37: Soil and Plant Nutrition
    • Concept 37.2: Plants require essential elements to complete their life cycle
  • Chapter 38: Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology
    • Concept 38.1: Flowers, double fertilization, and fruits are unique features of the angiosperm life cycle
    • Concept 38.3: Humans modify crops by breeding and genetic engineering
  • Chapter 39: Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals
    • Concept 39.2: Plant hormones help coordinate growth, development, and responses to stimuli
    • Concept 39.3: Responses to light are critical for plant success
    • Concept 39.4: Plants respond to a wide variety of stimuli other than light
    • Concept 39.5: Plants respond to attacks by herbivores and pathogens
• Animal Form and Function
  • Chapter 40: Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function
    • Concept 40.2: Feedback control loops maintain the internal environment in many animals
  • Chapter 41: Animal Nutrition
    • Concept 41.1: An animal's diet must supply chemical energy, organic molecules, and essential nutrients
    • Concept 41.3: Organs specialized for sequential stages of food processing form the mammalian digestive system
    • Concept 41.5: Homeostatic mechanisms contribute to an animal's energy balance
  • Chapter 42: Circulation and Gas Exchange
    • Concept 42.2: Coordinated cycles of heart contraction drive double circulation in mammals
    • Concept 42.3: Patterns of blood pressure and flow reflect the structure and arrangement of blood vessels
    • Concept 42.4: Blood components function in exchange, transport, and defense
    • Concept 42.5: Gas exchange occurs across specialized respiratory surfaces
    • Concept 42.6: Breathing ventilates the lungs
    • Concept 42.7: Adaptations for gas exchange include pigments that bind and transport gases
  • Chapter 43: The Immune System
    • Concept 43.1: In innate immunity, recognition and response rely on shared traits of pathogens
    • Concept 43.2: In acquired immunity, lymphocyte receptors provide pathogen-specific recognition
    • Concept 43.3: Acquired immunity defends against infection of body cells and fluids
    • Concept 43.4: Disruptions in immune system function can elicit or exacerbate disease
  • Chapter 44: Osmoregulation and Excretion
    • Concept 44.4: The nephron is organized for stepwise processing of blood filtrate
    • Concept 44.5: Hormonal circuits link kidney function, water balance, and blood pressure
  • Chapter 45: Hormones and the Endocrine System
    • Concept 45.1: Hormones and other signaling molecules bind to target receptors, triggering specific response pathways
    • Concept 45.2: Negative feedback and antagonistic hormone pairs are common features of the endocrine system
    • Concept 45.3: The endocrine and nervous systems act individually and together in regulating animal physiology
    • Concept 45.4: Endocrine glands respond to diverse stimuli in regulating metabolism, homeostasis, development, and behavior
  • Chapter 46: Animal Reproduction
    • Concept 46.3: Reproductive organs produce and transport gametes
    • Concept 46.4: The timing and pattern of meiosis in mammals differ for males and females
    • Concept 46.5: The interplay of tropic and sex hormones regulates mammalian reproduction
    • Concept 46.6: In placental mammals, an embryo develops fully within the mother's uterus
  • Chapter 47: Animal Development
    • Concept 47.1: After fertilization, embryonic development proceeds through cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis
    • Concept 47.2: Morphogenesis in animals involves specific changes in cell shape, position, and adhesion
    • Concept 47.3: The developmental fate of cells depends on their history and on inductive signals
  • Chapter 48: Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling
    • Concept 48.1: Neuron organization and structure reflect function in information transfer
    • Concept 48.2: Ion pumps and ion channels maintain the resting potential of a neuron
    • Concept 48.3: Action potentials are the signals conducted by axons
    • Concept 48.4: Neurons communicate with other cells at synapses
  • Chapter 49: Nervous Systems
    • Concept 49.1: Nervous systems consist of circuits of neurons and supporting cells
    • Concept 49.2: The vertebrate brain is regionally specialized
    • Concept 49.3: The cerebral cortex controls voluntary movement and cognitive functions
    • Concept 49.4: Changes in synaptic connections underlie memory and learning
  • Chapter 50: Sensory and Motor Mechanisms
    • Concept 50.1: Sensory receptors transduce stimulus energy and transmit signals to the central nervous system
    • Concept 50.2: The mechanoreceptors responsible for hearing and equilibrium detect moving fluid or settling particles
    • Concept 50.3: The senses of taste and smell rely on similar sets of sensory receptors
    • Concept 50.4: Similar mechanisms underlie vision throughout the animal kingdom
    • Concept 50.5: The physical interaction of protein filaments is required for muscle function
    • Concept 50.6: Skeletal systems transform muscle contraction into locomotion
  • Chapter 51: Animal Behavior
    • Concept 51.2: Learning establishes specific links between experience and behavior
    • Concept 51.3: Both genetic makeup and environment contribute to the development of behaviors
• Ecology
  • Chapter 52: An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere
    • Concept 52.1: Ecology integrates all areas of biological research and informs environmental decision making
    • Concept 52.2: Interactions between organisms and the environment limit the distribution of species
    • Concept 52.3: Aquatic biomes are diverse and dynamic systems that cover most of Earth
    • Concept 52.4: The structure and distribution of terrestrial biomes are controlled by climate and disturbance
  • Chapter 53: Population Ecology
    • Concept 53.1: Dynamic biological processes influence population density, dispersion, and demographics
    • Concept 53.2: Life history traits are products of natural selection
    • Concept 53.5: Many factors that regulate population growth are density dependent
    • Concept 53.6: The human population is no longer growing exponentially but is still increasing rapidly
  • Chapter 54: Community Ecology
    • Concept 54.1: Community interactions are classified by whether they help, harm, or have no effect on the species involved
    • Concept 54.2: Dominant and keystone species exert strong controls on community structure
    • Concept 54.3: Disturbance influences species diversity and composition
  • Chapter 55: Ecosystems
    • Concept 55.1: Physical laws govern energy flow and chemical cycling in ecosystems
    • Concept 55.3: Energy transfer between trophic levels is typically only 10% efficient
    • Concept 55.4: Biological and geological processes cycle nutrients between organic and inorganic parts of an ecosystem
    • Concept 55.5: Human activities now dominate most chemical cycles on Earth
  • Chapter 56: Conservation Biology and Restoration Ecology
    • Concept 56.1: Human activities threaten Earth's biodiversity
    • Concept 56.3: Landscape and regional conservation aim to sustain entire biotas