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Subcategories
- Chapter 1: Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life
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The Chemistry of Life
- Chapter 2: Chemical Context of Life
- Chapter 3: Water and the Fitness of the Environment
- Chapter 4: Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life
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Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules
- Concept 5.1: Macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers
- Concept 5.2: Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building material
- Concept 5.3: Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules
- Concept 5.4: Proteins have many structures, resulting in a wide range of functions
- Concept 5.5: Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary information
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The Cell
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Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell
- Concept 6.1: To study cells, biologists use microscopes and the tools of biochemistry
- Concept 6.2: Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions
- Concept 6.3: The eukaryotic cell's genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried out by the ribosomes
- Concept 6.4: The endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell
- Concept 6.5: Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from one form to another
- Concept 6.6: The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in the cell
- Concept 6.7: Extracellular components and connections between cells help coordinate cellular activities
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Chapter 7: Membrane Structure and Function
- Concept 7.1: Cellular membranes are fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins
- Concept 7.2: Membrane structure results in selective permeability
- Concept 7.3: Passive transport is diffusion of a substance across a membrane with no energy investment
- Concept 7.4: Active transport uses energy to move solutes against their gradients
- Concept 7.5: Bulk transport across the plasma membrane occurs by exocytosis and endocytosis
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Chapter 8: An Introduction to Metabolism
- Concept 8.1: An organism's metabolism transforms matter and energy, subject to the laws of thermodynamics
- Concept 8.2: The free-energy change of a reaction tells us whether or not the reaction occurs spontaneously
- Concept 8.4: Enzymes speed up metabolic reactions by lowering energy barriers
- Concept 8.5: Regulation of enzyme activity helps control metabolism
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Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
- Concept 9.1: Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels
- Concept 9.2: Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate
- Concept 9.3: The citric acid cycle completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules
- Concept 9.4: During oxidative phosphorylation, chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP synthesis
- Concept 9.5: Fermentation and anaerobic respiration enable cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen
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Chapter 10: Photosynthesis
- Concept 10.1: Photosynthesis converts light energy to the chemical energy of food
- Concept 10.2: The light reactions convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH
- Concept 10.3: The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 to sugar
- Concept 10.4: Alternative mechanisms of carbon fixation have evolved in hot, arid climates
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Chapter 11: Cell Communication
- Concept 11.1: External signals are converted to responses within the cell
- Concept 11.2: Reception: A signal molecule binds to a receptor protein, causing it to change shape
- Concept 11.3: Transduction: Cascades of molecular interactions relay signals from receptors to target molecules in the cell
- Concept 11.4: Response: Cell signaling leads to regulation of transcription or cytoplasmic activities
- Concept 11.5: Apoptosis (programmed cell death) integrates multiple cell-signaling pathways
- Chapter 12: The Cell Cycle
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Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell
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Genetics
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Chapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles
- Concept 13.1: Offspring acquire genes from parents by inheriting chromosomes
- Concept 13.2: Fertilization and meiosis alternate in sexual life cycles
- Concept 13.3: Meiosis reduces the number of chromosome sets from diploid to haploid
- Concept 13.4: Genetic variation produced in sexual life cycles contributes to evolution
- Chapter 14: Mendel and the Gene Idea
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Chapter 15: Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
- Concept 15.1: Mendelian inheritance has its physical basis in the behavior of chromosomes
- Concept 15.2: Sex-linked genes exhibit unique patterns of inheritance
- Concept 15.3: Linked genes tend to be inherited together because they are located near each other on the same chromosome
- Concept 15.4: Alterations of chromosome number or structure cause some genetic disorders
- Chapter 16: Molecular Basis of Inheritance
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Chapter 17: From Gene to Protein
- Concept 17.1: Genes specify proteins via transcription and translation
- Concept 17.2: Transcription is the DNA-directed synthesis of RNA: a closer look
- Concept 17.3: Eukaryotic cells modify RNA after transcription
- Concept 17.4: Translation is the RNA-directed synthesis of a polypeptide: a closer look
- Concept 17.5: Point mutations can affect protein structure and function
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Chapter 18: Regulation of Gene Expression
- Concept 18.1: Bacteria often respond to environmental change by regulating transcription
- Concept 18.2: Eukaryotic gene expression can be regulated at any stage
- Concept 18.3: Noncoding RNAs play multiple roles in controlling gene expression
- Concept 18.4: A program of differential gene expression leads to the different cell types in a multicellular organism
- Concept 18.5: Cancer results from genetic changes that affect cell cycle control
- Chapter 19: Viruses
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Chapter 20: DNA Technology
- Concept 20.1: DNA cloning yields multiple copies of a gene or other DNA segment
- Concept 20.2: DNA technology allows us to study the sequence, expression, and function of a gene
- Concept 20.3: Cloning organisms may lead to production of stem cells for research and other applications
- Concept 20.4: The practical applications of DNA technology affect our lives in many ways
- Chapter 21: Genomes and Their Evolution
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Chapter 13: Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles
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Mechanisms of Evolution
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Chapter 22: Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life
- Concept 22.1: The Darwinian revolution challenged traditional views of a young Earth inhabited by unchanging species
- Concept 22.2: Descent with modification by natural selection explains the adaptations of organisms and the unity and diversity of life
- Concept 22.3: Evolution is supported by an overwhelming amount of scientific evidence
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Chapter 23: Evolution of Populations
- Concept 23.1: Mutation and sexual reproduction produce the genetic variation that makes evolution possible
- Concept 23.2: The Hardy-Weinberg equation can be used to test whether a population is evolving
- Concept 23.3: Natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow can alter allele frequencies in a population
- Concept 23.4: Natural selection is the only mechanism that consistently causes adaptive evolution
- Chapter 24: Origin of Species
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Chapter 25: Early Earth & the Origin of Life
- Concept 25.1: Conditions on early Earth made the origin of life possible
- Concept 25.2: The fossil record documents the history of life
- Concept 25.3: Key events in life's history include the origins of single-celled and multicelled organisms and the colonization of land
- Concept 25.4: The rise and fall of dominant groups reflect continental drift, mass extinctions, and adaptive radiations
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Chapter 22: Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life
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The Evolutionary History of Biological Diversity
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Chapter 26: Tracing Phylogeny
- Concept 26.1: Phylogenies show evolutionary relationships
- Concept 26.3: Shared characters are used to construct phylogenetic trees
- Concept 26.4: An organism's evolutionary history is documented in its genome
- Concept 26.5: Molecular clocks help track evolutionary time
- Concept 26.6: New information continues to revise our understanding of the tree of life
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Chapter 27: Bacteria and Archaea
- Concept 27.1: Structural and functional adaptations contribute to prokaryotic success
- Concept 27.2: Rapid reproduction, mutation, and genetic recombination promote genetic diversity in prokaryotes
- Concept 27.3: Diverse nutritional and metabolic adaptations have evolved in prokaryotes
- Concept 27.6: Prokaryotes have both harmful and beneficial impacts on humans
- Chapter 28: Protists
- Chapter 29: Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land
- Chapter 30: Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seeded Plants
- Chapter 31: Fungi
- Chapter 32: An Introduction to Animal Diversity
- Chapter 33: Invertebrates
- Chapter 34: Vertebrates
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Chapter 26: Tracing Phylogeny
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Plant Form and Function
- Chapter 35: Plant Structure, Growth, and Development
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Chapter 36: Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants
- Concept 36.2: Transport occurs by short-distance diffusion or active transport and by long-distance bulk flow
- Concept 36.3: Water and minerals are transported from roots to shoots
- Concept 36.4: Stomata help regulate the rate of transpiration
- Concept 36.5: Sugars are transported from leaves and other sources to sites of use or storage
- Chapter 37: Soil and Plant Nutrition
- Chapter 38: Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology
- Chapter 39: Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals
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Animal Form and Function
- Chapter 40: Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function
- Chapter 41: Animal Nutrition
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Chapter 42: Circulation and Gas Exchange
- Concept 42.2: Coordinated cycles of heart contraction drive double circulation in mammals
- Concept 42.3: Patterns of blood pressure and flow reflect the structure and arrangement of blood vessels
- Concept 42.4: Blood components function in exchange, transport, and defense
- Concept 42.5: Gas exchange occurs across specialized respiratory surfaces
- Concept 42.6: Breathing ventilates the lungs
- Concept 42.7: Adaptations for gas exchange include pigments that bind and transport gases
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Chapter 43: The Immune System
- Concept 43.1: In innate immunity, recognition and response rely on shared traits of pathogens
- Concept 43.2: In acquired immunity, lymphocyte receptors provide pathogen-specific recognition
- Concept 43.3: Acquired immunity defends against infection of body cells and fluids
- Concept 43.4: Disruptions in immune system function can elicit or exacerbate disease
- Chapter 44: Osmoregulation and Excretion
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Chapter 45: Hormones and the Endocrine System
- Concept 45.1: Hormones and other signaling molecules bind to target receptors, triggering specific response pathways
- Concept 45.2: Negative feedback and antagonistic hormone pairs are common features of the endocrine system
- Concept 45.3: The endocrine and nervous systems act individually and together in regulating animal physiology
- Concept 45.4: Endocrine glands respond to diverse stimuli in regulating metabolism, homeostasis, development, and behavior
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Chapter 46: Animal Reproduction
- Concept 46.3: Reproductive organs produce and transport gametes
- Concept 46.4: The timing and pattern of meiosis in mammals differ for males and females
- Concept 46.5: The interplay of tropic and sex hormones regulates mammalian reproduction
- Concept 46.6: In placental mammals, an embryo develops fully within the mother's uterus
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Chapter 47: Animal Development
- Concept 47.1: After fertilization, embryonic development proceeds through cleavage, gastrulation, and organogenesis
- Concept 47.2: Morphogenesis in animals involves specific changes in cell shape, position, and adhesion
- Concept 47.3: The developmental fate of cells depends on their history and on inductive signals
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Chapter 48: Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling
- Concept 48.1: Neuron organization and structure reflect function in information transfer
- Concept 48.2: Ion pumps and ion channels maintain the resting potential of a neuron
- Concept 48.3: Action potentials are the signals conducted by axons
- Concept 48.4: Neurons communicate with other cells at synapses
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Chapter 49: Nervous Systems
- Concept 49.1: Nervous systems consist of circuits of neurons and supporting cells
- Concept 49.2: The vertebrate brain is regionally specialized
- Concept 49.3: The cerebral cortex controls voluntary movement and cognitive functions
- Concept 49.4: Changes in synaptic connections underlie memory and learning
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Chapter 50: Sensory and Motor Mechanisms
- Concept 50.1: Sensory receptors transduce stimulus energy and transmit signals to the central nervous system
- Concept 50.2: The mechanoreceptors responsible for hearing and equilibrium detect moving fluid or settling particles
- Concept 50.3: The senses of taste and smell rely on similar sets of sensory receptors
- Concept 50.4: Similar mechanisms underlie vision throughout the animal kingdom
- Concept 50.5: The physical interaction of protein filaments is required for muscle function
- Concept 50.6: Skeletal systems transform muscle contraction into locomotion
- Chapter 51: Animal Behavior
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Ecology
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Chapter 52: An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere
- Concept 52.1: Ecology integrates all areas of biological research and informs environmental decision making
- Concept 52.2: Interactions between organisms and the environment limit the distribution of species
- Concept 52.3: Aquatic biomes are diverse and dynamic systems that cover most of Earth
- Concept 52.4: The structure and distribution of terrestrial biomes are controlled by climate and disturbance
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Chapter 53: Population Ecology
- Concept 53.1: Dynamic biological processes influence population density, dispersion, and demographics
- Concept 53.2: Life history traits are products of natural selection
- Concept 53.5: Many factors that regulate population growth are density dependent
- Concept 53.6: The human population is no longer growing exponentially but is still increasing rapidly
- Chapter 54: Community Ecology
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Chapter 55: Ecosystems
- Concept 55.1: Physical laws govern energy flow and chemical cycling in ecosystems
- Concept 55.3: Energy transfer between trophic levels is typically only 10% efficient
- Concept 55.4: Biological and geological processes cycle nutrients between organic and inorganic parts of an ecosystem
- Concept 55.5: Human activities now dominate most chemical cycles on Earth
- Chapter 56: Conservation Biology and Restoration Ecology
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Chapter 52: An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere